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}} | p1 = Company rule in India | flag_p1 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg | s1 = Dominion of India | flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg | s2 = Dominion of Pakistan | flag_s2 = Flag of Pakistan.svg | s3 = British rule in Burma | flag_s3 = British Burma 1937 flag.svg | s4 = Colony of Aden | flag_s4 = Flag of the Colony of Aden.svg | s5 = Straits Settlements | flag_s5 = Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_(1874-1942).svg | image_flag = British Raj Red Ensign.svg | flag = Red Ensign | image_coat = Star-of-India-gold-centre.svg | symbol_type = Star of India | symbol = Star of India (flag) | national_anthem = ''God Save the King/Queen'' | image_map = British Indian empire in 1936.png | image_map_caption = The British Indian Empire in 1936. | capital = Calcutta|New Delhi}} | common_languages = | government_type = Empire | title_leader = Empress/Emperor | leader1 = Victoria | year_leader1 = 1858–1901 | leader2 = Edward VII | year_leader2 = 1901–1910 | leader3 = George V | year_leader3 = 1910–1936 | leader4 = Edward VIII | year_leader4 = 1936 | leader5 = George VI | year_leader5 = 1936–1947 | title_representative = Viceroy and Governor-General | representative1 = (first) Charles Canning | year_representative1 = 1858–1862 | representative2 = (last) Louis Mountbatten | year_representative2 = 1947 | title_deputy = Secretary of State | deputy1 = (first) Edward Stanley | year_deputy1 = 1858–1859 | deputy2 = (last) William Hare | year_deputy2 = 1947 | legislature = | event_pre = Battle of Plassey | date_pre = 23 June 1757 | event_pre1 = Indian Rebellion | date_pre1 = 10 May 1857 | event_start = Government of India Act | date_start = 2 August | year_start = 1858 | event_end = |date_end=15 August |year_end=1947 | event_post = Partition of India | date_post = 15 August 1947 | stat_year1 = 1937 | stat_area1 = 4903312 | stat_year2 = 1947 | stat_area2 = 4226734 | currency = Indian rupee | today = | footnote_a = Title existed 1876–1948. | footnote_b = | footnote_c = Full title was "Viceroy and Governor-General of India". }} The British Raj (''rāj'', meaning "rule" in Hindi)〔Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: from Skr. ''rāj'': to reign, rule; cognate with L. ''rēx'', ''rēg-is'', OIr. ''rī'', ''rīg'' king (see RICH).〕 was the rule of the British Empire in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947.〔Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition (June 2008), on-line edition (September 2011): "spec. In full ''British Raj''. Direct rule in India by the British (1858–1947); this period of dominion."〕 The term can also refer to the ''period'' of dominion.〔〔Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. Examples: 1955 ''Times'' 25 Aug 9/7 It was effective against the British raj in India, and the conclusion drawn here is that the British knew that they were wrong. 1969 R. MILLAR ''Kut'' xv. 288 Sir Stanley Maude had taken command in Mesopotamia, displacing the raj of antique Indian Army commanders. 1975 H. R. ISAACS in H. M. Patel et al. ''Say not the Struggle Nought Availeth'' 251 The post-independence régime in all its incarnations since the passing of the British Raj.〕 The region under British control—commonly called India—included areas directly administered by Britain as well as the princely states ruled by individual rulers under the paramountcy of the British Crown. The region is now less commonly also called British India or the Indian Empire (the names "Empire of India" and "Federation of India" were also in use). The Empire of India was officially created by Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli for Queen Victoria in 1876. As India, it was a founding member of the League of Nations, a participating nation in the Summer Olympics in 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945.〔 Quote: India Executive Council: Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar, Sir Firoz Khan Noon and Sir V. T. Krishnamachari served as India's delegates to the London Commonwealth Meeting, April 1945, and the U.N. San Francisco Conference on International Organisation, April–June 1945."〕 The system of governance was instituted on June 28, 1858, when the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria (and who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India), and lasted until 1947, when the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Union of India (later the Republic of India) and the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the eastern half of which, still later, became the People's Republic of Bangladesh). At the inception of the Raj in 1858, Lower Burma was already a part of British India; Upper Burma was added in 1886, and the resulting union, Burma, was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948. ==Geographical extent== The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, with exceptions such as Goa and Pondicherry. In addition, at various times, it included Aden (from 1858 to 1937),〔Marshall (2001), p. 384〕 Lower Burma (from 1858 to 1937), Upper Burma (from 1886 to 1937), British Somaliland (briefly from 1884 to 1898), and Singapore (briefly from 1858 to 1867). Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948. The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf were theoretically princely states as well as Presidencies and provinces of British India until 1946 and used the rupee as their unit of currency. Among other countries in the region, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. Ceylon was part of Madras Presidency between 1793 and 1798.〔Codrington, 1926, Chapter X:Transition to British administration〕 The kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan, having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them and were recognised by the British as independent states.〔("Nepal." ) Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.〕〔("Bhutan." ) Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.〕 The Kingdom of Sikkim was established as a princely state after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861; however, the issue of sovereignty was left undefined.〔"Sikkim." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 August 2007 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「British Raj」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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